{"id":2397,"date":"2024-07-22T19:29:46","date_gmt":"2024-07-22T19:29:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/roexit.info\/?p=2397"},"modified":"2025-10-21T15:49:45","modified_gmt":"2025-10-21T15:49:45","slug":"calculul-economic-monopolul-o-aplicatie-rothbardiana","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/roexit.info\/?p=2397","title":{"rendered":"Calculul economic. Monopolul. O aplica\u021bie rothbardian\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"

\n

de Ovidiu Ionescu<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cum mi s-a stricat ma\u0219ina de scris am decis s\u0103-mi cump\u0103r o alta. S\u0103-mi cump\u0103r un <\/span><\/span><\/span>Dell<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span>? Poate un <\/span><\/span><\/span>HP<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span> sau un <\/span><\/span><\/span>Lenovo<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span>? Dar de ce nu o ma\u0219in\u0103rie <\/span><\/span><\/span>Apple<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span> sau <\/span><\/span><\/span>Microsoft<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span> doar pentru pl\u0103cerea pervers\u0103 de a instala Linux pe o astfel de chestie? Cum se poate s\u0103 fiu nevoit s\u0103 sf\u00e2r\u0219esc prin a da bani c\u0103tre Vanguard sau BlackRock orice ma\u0219in\u0103 de socotit voi decide s\u0103-mi cump\u0103r? Ambele companii produc\u0103toare de procesoare, at\u00e2t <\/span><\/span><\/span>AMD<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span> c\u00e2t \u0219i <\/span><\/span><\/span>Intel<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span> au at\u00e2t Vanguard c\u00e2t \u0219i BlackRock \u00een lista a\u0219a numi\u021bilor investitori institu\u021bionali \u00een vreme ce BlackRock este \u0219i ac\u021bionar al celei mai mari firme produc\u0103toare de circuite integrate <\/span><\/span><\/span>Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span> \u2013 TSM. Chiar dac\u0103 a\u0219 decide s\u0103 fac efortul s\u0103-mi cump\u0103r un laptop extrem de exotic, complet atipic, nu voi putea evita transferul de bani c\u0103tre Vanguard sau BlackRock. Pentru cititorul acestui text este important de notat c\u0103 din punctul de vedere al Vanguard sau BlackRock produc\u021bia este integrat\u0103 vertical, mai este important s\u0103 not\u0103m c\u0103 laptop-urile nu sunt doar bunuri de consum ci sunt \u0219i bunuri de capital \u00een jargon austriac adic\u0103 mijloace de produc\u021bie \u00een cel marxist. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00cent\u00e2mplarea face ca zilele acestea un pachet de actualizare emis de Microsoft a devenit un fals pozitiv pentru echipamentele de nivel 5 produse de <\/span><\/span><\/span>CrowdStrike. Dac\u0103 Microsoft nu ar fi monopolizat pia\u021ba sistemelor de operare chestiunea ar fi fost una minor\u0103 \u0219i nu ar fi ap\u0103rut pe <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>prima pagin\u0103<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span> a ziarelor \u0219i nici nu ar fi blocat activitatea economic\u0103 la nivel mondial. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Din motivele de mai sus mi-au revenit \u00een minte cursurile obligatorii de socialism \u0219tiin\u021bific pe care am fost nevoit s\u0103 le parcurg \u00een universitate. \u00cemi amintesc destul de bine <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>teoria<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201eCapitalismul monopolist, sau imperialismul, este cea mai \u00eenalt\u0103 \u0219i ultima etap\u0103 a capitalismului, av\u00e2nd \u00eenlocuirea liberei concuren\u021be cu domina\u021bia monopolurilor ca tr\u0103s\u0103tur\u0103 distinctiv\u0103 fundamental\u0103.\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pentru motive care sunt dincolo de scopul acestui text, marxi\u0219tii au folosit a\u0219a zisele imperfec\u021biuni ale pie\u021bei pentru a critica capitalismul aduc\u00e2nd \u00een prim plan chestiuni precum oligopolul \u0219i monopolul. Acesta este motivul pentru care avoca\u021bii pie\u021bei libere au acordat mereu o aten\u021bie special\u0103 unor situa\u021bii precum monopolul. Pentru liberalii clasici de nuan\u021b\u0103 austriac\u0103 demonstra\u021bia rothbardian\u0103 a imposibilit\u0103\u021bii apari\u021biei monopolului \u00een condi\u021bii de pia\u021b\u0103 liber\u0103 este deosebit de important\u0103 c\u0103ci Rothbard preia de la von Mises argumentul imposibilit\u0103\u021bii calculului economic \u00een socialism, \u00eel extinde prin generalizare, \u0219i-l folose\u0219te apoi pentru a demonstra c\u0103 \u00een condi\u021bii de pia\u021b\u0103 liber\u0103 o ipotetic\u0103 situa\u021bie de monopol va conduce c\u0103tre haos calcula\u021bional \u0219i deci spre ruin\u0103 economic\u0103. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Argumentul calculului economic este important \u00een economia g\u00e2ndirii austriece, a fost folosit ini\u021bial (1920) de von Mises pentru a explica imposibilitatea calculului economic \u00eentr-o economie socialist\u0103. Faptul c\u0103 70 de ani mai t\u00e2rziu economia sovietic\u0103 a falimentat exact dup\u0103 re\u021beta pe care von Mises o intuise \u00een <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>eseul<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span> s\u0103u \u0219i \u0219tiind modul \u00een care Rothbard a demonstrat imposibilitatea apari\u021biei monopolului \u00een condi\u021bii de pia\u021b\u0103 liber\u0103 ne-a f\u0103cut prea \u00eencrez\u0103tori, nu am dat cu adev\u0103rat aten\u021bie apari\u021biei monopolurilor \u00een economia modern\u0103. Am glosat ad nauseam pe teme precum \u201d<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>reglement\u0103rile guvernamentale favorizeaz\u0103 apari\u021bia monopolurilor<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span>\u201d (iar ca persoan\u0103 care a fost profund implicat\u0103 \u00een monitorizarea din partea UE a achizi\u021biilor publice rom\u00e2ne\u0219ti am v\u0103zut c\u0103, da, reglement\u0103rile guvernului favorizeaz\u0103 apari\u021bia monopolurilor) dar nu am fost aten\u021bi la chestiunile serioase, structurale, tectonice, care au condus la apari\u021bia unor structuri monopoliste monstruoase. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\n

S\u0103 relu\u0103m pe scurt argumenta\u021bia lui Rothbard (cititorul curios o poate g\u0103si \u00een \u00eentreaga ei splendoare \u00eentre paginile 613-615 ale <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Man, Economy, and State<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span> second edition LvM Institute):<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201dAnaliza noastr\u0103 serve\u0219te la extinderea celebrei discu\u021bii despre posibilitatea calculului economic \u00een socialism, lansat\u0103 de profesorul Ludwig von Mises \u00een urm\u0103 cu peste 40 de ani. Mises, care a avut ultimul \u0219i primul cuv\u00e2nt \u00een aceast\u0103 dezbatere, a demonstrat f\u0103r\u0103 \u00eendoial\u0103 c\u0103 un sistem economic socialist nu poate calcula, deoarece \u00eei lipse\u0219te o pia\u021b\u0103 \u0219i, prin urmare, \u00eei lipsesc pre\u021burile pentru produc\u0103tori \u0219i mai ales pentru bunurile de capital. Acum vedem c\u0103, \u00een mod paradoxal, motivul pentru care o economie socialist\u0103 nu poate calcula nu este caracterul socialist al acesteia!\u201d<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Rothbard demonstreaz\u0103 prin reducere la absurd c\u0103 dac\u0103 ar exista vreun produc\u0103tor monopolist acesta nu ar putea stabili pre\u021burile bunurilor de capital deoarece \u2013 precum explicase deja von Mises \u2013 exist\u0103 un singur proprietar. Nu pot fi stabilite pre\u021buri pentru bunurile de capital iar ca urmare profiturile \u0219i pierderile nu pot fi calculate haosul economic fiind consecin\u021ba fireasc\u0103. Acesta este motivul pentru care monopolurile nu pot ap\u0103rea, sunt inerent ineficiente, sunt surse de haos economic sau \u00een termeni rothbardieni \u201dinsule de haos calcula\u021bional\u201d. Pentru acela\u0219i motiv Rothbard consider\u0103 c\u0103 integrarea vertical\u0103 a produc\u021biei este ineficient\u0103 \u2013 imposibilitatea stabilirii pre\u021burilor pentru bunurile de capital duce – inevitabil – la apari\u021bia insulelor de haos calcula\u021bional.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u0103-i d\u0103m cuv\u00e2ntul lui Rothbard:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pe m\u0103sur\u0103 ce aria de incalculabilitate cre\u0219te, gradele de ira\u021bionalitate, alocare gre\u0219it\u0103, pierdere, s\u0103r\u0103cire etc. devin mai mari. Pentru \u00eentregul sistem productiv aflat sub un singur proprietar sau cartel, nu ar exista deloc zone \u00een care calculul economic s\u0103 fie posibil \u0219i, prin urmare, ar predomina un haos economic complet.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Cu alte cuvinte argumentul rothbardian referitor la monopol pe o pia\u021b\u0103 liber\u0103 se refer\u0103 la structura de proprietate a <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201dMarii corpora\u021bii\u201d <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>rothbardiene \u00eentruc\u00e2t sistemul pie\u021bei libere este un sistem antreprenorial \u0219i nu unul managerial dup\u0103 cum von Mises a explicat foarte clar. Structura managerial\u0103 a economiei nu are nicio relevan\u021b\u0103 \u00een ceea ce prive\u0219te posibilitatea dezvolt\u0103rii structurilor monopoliste, structura de proprietate a economiei este \u00eens\u0103 relevant\u0103 dac\u0103 ne intereseaz\u0103 chestiunile legate de apari\u021bia monopolurilor. Acesta este motivul pentru care structura de proprietate a corpora\u021biilor moderne este important\u0103, structura de proprietate a vreunei corpora\u021bii este singurul fapt relevant dac\u0103 ne \u00eengrijoreaz\u0103 posibilitatea apari\u021biei vreunui monopol. Structura administrativ\u0103 a corpora\u021biilor este pur \u0219i simplu irelevant\u0103 din acest punct de vedere.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Pe de alt\u0103 parte, \u00een majoritatea economiilor occidentale <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>sectorul public<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span> dep\u0103\u0219e\u0219te adeseori 50% din economie, \u00een astfel de cazuri apari\u021bia insulelor de haos calcula\u021bional este cert\u0103, nu trebuie s\u0103 citim Rothbard, von Mises este suficient. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Ponderea majoritar\u0103 a sectorului public \u00een economiile occidentale duce la politizarea societ\u0103\u021bilor occidentale, deciziile politice se revars\u0103 \u00eenspre societate \u0219i c\u0103tre economia r\u0103mas\u0103 \u00eenc\u0103 privat\u0103. Socializarea monedei, sistemul rezervelor frac\u021bionare, socializarea ratei dob\u00e2nzii sunt astfel de exemple, acestea creeaz\u0103 nu doar apari\u021bia ciclurilor economice dar \u0219i posibilitatea apari\u021biei \u00eentreprinz\u0103torilor politici. Efectul Cantillon este un alt exemplu de infestare cu virusul politicii a mediului privat, \u00een zilele noastre c\u00e2\u0219tig\u0103torii \u0219i pierz\u0103torii jocului economic nu mai sunt stabili\u021bi de consumatori pe pia\u021ba liber\u0103 ci de politicieni pe baza meritelor politice. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Dac\u0103 recitim cu aten\u021bie argumenta\u021bia rothbardian\u0103 descoperim doar c\u0103 monopolurile sunt insule de haos economic, c\u0103 sunt structuri inerent ineficiente. Este deci imposibil ca vreun \u00eentreprinz\u0103tor privat s\u0103 poat\u0103 s\u0103 sus\u021bin\u0103 \u00een condi\u021bii de pia\u021b\u0103 liber\u0103 o astfel de structur\u0103, pierderile ar fi imense. Dar Rothbard nu ne spune c\u0103 \u00eentreprinz\u0103tori politici nu-\u0219i pot conecta corpora\u021biile la resursele statului modern, social \u0219i democrat. Corpora\u021biile conectate politic la resursele statului pot atinge dimensiuni monopoliste de\u0219i sufer\u0103 pierderi prin \u00eensu\u0219i faptul c\u0103 sunt monopoliste dar rela\u021bia cu statul le face imune la faliment, acesta este transferat \u00eentregii societ\u0103\u021bi. Echilibrarea profiturilor politice cu pierderile datorate pozi\u021biei monopoliste devine o ecua\u021bie politic\u0103 \u0219i nu una economic\u0103. Insulele din ce \u00een ce mai mari de haos calcula\u021bional ce apar ca urmare a apari\u021biei corpora\u021biilor conectate politic devin turbulen\u021be de ne\u00een\u021beles pentru \u00eentreprinz\u0103torii cu adev\u0103rat priva\u021bi, aria economiei \u00een care calculul economic este \u00eenc\u0103 posibil se restr\u00e2nge drastic. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sistemul de rezerve frac\u021bionare av\u00e2nd ca \u0219i corolar infla\u021bia penalizeaz\u0103 economisirea, acesta este motivul pentru care scheme artificiale de economisire for\u021bat\u0103 au fost impuse politic. Pia\u021ba de capital este inundat\u0103 de bani apar\u021bin\u00e2nd diverselor <\/span><\/span><\/span>fonduri de pensii<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span>, sumele sunt imense, astfel de bani nu sunt gestiona\u021bi antreprenorial ci administrativ. Pe de alt\u0103 parte sumele de bani emise frac\u021bionar de b\u0103ncile comerciale sunt rezultate din fraud\u0103 \u0219i falsificare a monedei \u0219i nu din activit\u0103\u021bi antreprenoriale, astfel de sume sunt administrate oricum dar nu antreprenorial. \u00cen consecin\u021b\u0103 finan\u021barea corporatist\u0103 submineaz\u0103 \u0219i mai profund func\u021bionarea pie\u021bei liber\u0103 l\u0103rgind aria de cuprindere a insulelor rothbardiene de haos calcula\u021bional submin\u00e2nd \u0219i mai mult firmele private r\u0103mase \u00eenc\u0103 pe pia\u021ba liber\u0103. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00centregi sectoare economice precum cel medical dar \u0219i produc\u021bia \u0219i distribu\u021bia medicamentelor sunt distorsionate dincolo de posibilitatea func\u021bion\u0103rii fire\u0219ti, \u00een conformitate cu legile pie\u021bei. Paguba este socializat\u0103 prin intermediul corpora\u021biilor conectate la bugetele publice, acesta este motivul pentru care bugetele au explodat pretutindeni. Mecanismele sunt \u00eentru totul similare \u0219i \u00een cazurile Vanguard sau BlackRock, sunt \u00eens\u0103 mult mai subtile \u0219i mai pu\u021bin vizibile, \u00een\u021belegerea acestora implic\u0103 o cunoa\u0219tere a unor mecanisme financiare a c\u0103ror explica\u021bie este dincolo de scopul acestui text. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

S\u0103r\u0103cia, conflictul politic \u0219i decivilizarea sunt fire\u0219ti atunci c\u00e2nd ne este imposibil s\u0103 facem calcul economic din orice motiv, fie pentru c\u0103 economia este socializat\u0103 \u00een propor\u021bie de peste 50%, fie pentru c\u0103 restul economiei nominal private are o structur\u0103 monopolist\u0103. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Care este diferen\u021ba dintre o economie complet socialist\u0103 precum vechea economie sovietic\u0103 \u0219i una dominat\u0103 de dou\u0103 companii mari precum Vanguard \u0219i BlackRock pe de o parte, \u00een timp ce cealalt\u0103 jum\u0103tate este de\u021binut\u0103 de guvern \u00eentr-una dintre numeroasele sale \u00eencarn\u0103ri? Cu alte cuvinte, atunci c\u00e2nd guvernul, fondurile de pensii, b\u0103ncile frac\u021bionare sau corpora\u021bii precum Vanguard sau BlackRock reprezint\u0103 capitalismul modern, ar trebui s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem c\u0103 aceast\u0103 versiune a capitalismului nu este esen\u021bial diferit\u0103 de economia socialist\u0103 sovietic\u0103 c\u0103ci ambele modele economice sunt administrative (adic\u0103 manageriale \u00een <\/span><\/span><\/span>newspeak<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span>) \u0219i nu sunt antreprenoriale. \u00cen consecin\u021b\u0103, ar trebui s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem \u0219i c\u0103 diferen\u021bele de mentalitate \u0219i calitate uman\u0103 dintre membrii Comitetului Central al Partidului Comunist al URSS \u0219i diferi\u021bii ocupan\u021bi ai birourilor guvernamentale sau corporatiste nu sunt at\u00e2t de mari pe c\u00e2t ne-am dori s\u0103 credem tocmai pentru c\u0103 sistemul economic care i-a produs este \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 asem\u0103n\u0103tor, esen\u021ba lui fiind \u2013 este necesar s\u0103 subliniem – administrativ\u0103 \u0219i nu antreprenorial\u0103. Nu \u00een ultimul r\u00e2nd, trebuie s\u0103 \u00een\u021belegem c\u0103, \u00eentruc\u00e2t calea URSS a inclus tirania, crima \u0219i genocidul doar pentru a ajunge la faliment ca destina\u021bie final\u0103, destina\u021bia societ\u0103\u021bilor occidentale va fi falimentul \u00een vreme ce tirania, criminalitatea \u0219i genocidul sunt doar primele etape.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

U\u0219a rotativ\u0103<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/u><\/span> care mut\u0103 birocra\u021bii\/administratorii \u00eentre corpora\u021bii, agen\u021bii de stat \u0219i arena politic\u0103 arat\u0103 c\u0103 natura elitelor societ\u0103\u021bilor occidentale este managerial\u0103, c\u0103 spiritul antreprenorial este, \u00een cel mai bun caz, evanescent. \u00centr-un astfel de mediu, politica este singura realitate, adev\u0103rul este \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103 irelevant. Argumentul imposibilit\u0103\u021bii calculului economic a fost produs de von Mises \u00een 1920, tocmai la timp pentru a salva via\u021ba a milioane de oameni afla\u021bi sub conducere bol\u0219evic\u0103. Adev\u0103rul a fost ignorat \u00een mare m\u0103sur\u0103, propaganda socialist\u0103 a prevalat chiar \u0219i \u00een partea occidental\u0103 a lumii, iar versiunii sovietice a socialismului i s-a permis s\u0103 produc\u0103 \u00eentregul ciclu al dezastrului economic \u0219i al genocidului \u00eenainte ca acesta s\u0103 se pr\u0103bu\u0219easc\u0103 \u00een mod natural ca o consecin\u021b\u0103 a argumentului misesian al calculului economic. Rothbard a extins argumentul misesian al calculului economic pentru a ne permite s\u0103 avem o viziune coerent\u0103 din punct de vedere intelectual asupra mediului corporatist contemporan. \u00cen fa\u021ba unui dezastru economic iminent, exist\u0103 pu\u021bine \u00eendoieli cu privire la ideologia elitelor occidentale, exist\u0103 pu\u021bine \u00eendoieli asupra narativelor pe care mass-media corporatist\u0103 le vor oferi ca explica\u021bie pentru colapsul devenit inevitabil ca urmare a ineficien\u021bei economice. Va fi cu siguran\u021b\u0103 o denun\u021bare marxist\u0103 a pie\u021belor libere ca fiind \u00een mod inerent instabile, predispuse la imperialism \u0219i concentrare a capitalului. Argumentul calculului economic va fi, \u00eenc\u0103 o dat\u0103, ignorat. Depinde doar de noi s\u0103 schimb\u0103m asta.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

de Ovidiu Ionescu Cum mi s-a stricat ma\u0219ina de scris am decis s\u0103-mi cump\u0103r o alta. S\u0103-mi cump\u0103r un Dell? Poate un HP sau un Lenovo? Dar de ce nu o ma\u0219in\u0103rie Apple sau Microsoft doar pentru pl\u0103cerea pervers\u0103 de a instala Linux pe o astfel de chestie? Cum se poate s\u0103 fiu nevoit s\u0103 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2398,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[267,32],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2397","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economie","category-opinii"],"yoast_head":"\nCalculul economic. Monopolul. O aplica\u021bie rothbardian\u0103 - RoExit<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/roexit.info\/?p=2397\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Calculul economic. Monopolul. O aplica\u021bie rothbardian\u0103 - RoExit\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"de Ovidiu Ionescu Cum mi s-a stricat ma\u0219ina de scris am decis s\u0103-mi cump\u0103r o alta. S\u0103-mi cump\u0103r un Dell? Poate un HP sau un Lenovo? Dar de ce nu o ma\u0219in\u0103rie Apple sau Microsoft doar pentru pl\u0103cerea pervers\u0103 de a instala Linux pe o astfel de chestie? 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